Focusing on the certain compounds found in the organic chemistry, the present tutorial will include the definition of chemical properties of amine. The compounds with a nitrogen atom with a singular pair of electrons are generally identified as amine. This compound is considered the derivatives of ammonia, containing more than one hydrogen atom. The alkyl or aryl group can replace these particular hydrogen atoms often. Based on these concepts, this tutorial will discuss the chemical reactions that can be observed with amines.
On a general note, the basicity of the amine can be determined based on the natural strength of the bonding of amine showcases. The chemical properties of amine share a similarity with the atomic representation of ammonia.
This is the main reason for which the amines are able to act like bases as well. Hence, several factors are identified as the main factors behind the determination of the basicity of amine (Zeleňák et al. 2018). The first factor is considered the availability of a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Another factor is the substitute groups and the properties of electrons of the others that create a direct impact on the determination of the basicity.
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Figure 1: The acylation of the amine
The acylation is defined as the method following which the acyl bond bounds with the main compound. Determining the classifications of the mines, the substitution that is identified as nucleophilic reacts with the acid chlorides, anhydrides, and esters. These reactions generally take place on the basis of the presence of amines that have a more substantial base like pyridine (Research gate, 2022). The presence of such a substantial base is helpful in order to remove the hydrogen chloride that usually forms during the time when the reaction takes place.
The classification of remains is generally conducted based on the presence of replaceable hydrogen atoms. Focusing on this particular factor, the classification of the amines is represented in the below section.
The main three classifications of the amine include primary amines, secondary amines and tertiary Amines.
The amines that are considered to be primary ones are generally formed at the time when an aryl or alkyl group is able to replace any one of the three hydrogen atoms (Science direct, 2022). Similarly, when the alkyl or aryl group replaces two of the three hydrogen atoms, the formed Amine is identified as the secondary amine. In some reactions, it has been observed that all of the three atoms of hydrogen can be replaced. In such cases, the amine is formed is called by the name tertiary Amines.
Chemical properties of amines
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Figure 2: Chemical properties of amines
In accordance with the organic chemistry, the formation of an amine depends on several types of chemical properties. The main property is contemplated to be the bond of hydrogen present in the atom as this particular one which can create a direct influence on the other compounds’ properties generally determines the derivatives of the amines. Among the other properties, the bonding as the electron of phosphorus that is of lower boiling points. This structure shares a similarity with the structure of alkanols with the only exception of the presence of hydrogen groups (Masterorganicchemistry, 2022).
As the ability to form a hydrogen bond is present in the amine, these compounds generally have tendencies of high solubility in water. A fishy smell can get from the liquid amines whereas the smell of ammonia can get from the gaseous amines.
Preparation of Amines
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Figure 3: Preparation of Amines
There are three types of chemical reactions that can be witnessed which are Benzoylation, Alkylation and Acylation. In the reaction of Alkylation, 1° of amine forms 2° amine, 3° amine and at last the quaternary salts (Süsse & Stoltz, 2021). Reactions that are conducted with anhydrides, esters and acid chlorides is generally known as Acylation. The reaction is started as the replacement of a hydrogen atom is proceeded by the acyl group. In Benzoylation, the reaction happens between benzoyl chloride and methenamine.
The current tutorial has shed light on explaining the proper definition of the amines in order to explain the basicity of amine. In this tutorial, it has been seen that the amines are categorised into three different classes including Tertiary Amines, Secondary Amines and Primary Amines. Based on the chemical structure, the amines have the ability to act like both bases and nucleophiles. The basicity of the amines has been explained depending on some factors. Further, the tutorial has included the description of the Preparation of Amines which has included several processes of Alkylation, Acylation and Benzoylation.
Q1. How does secondary amine convert into nitrosamine?
The process of converting the secondary amine is by treating the compounds of amine with the nitrous acid in order to turn it into a nitrosamine.
Q2. Which factor is considered responsible for decreasing the basicity of amine?
In accordance with organic chemistry, the location of the electron pair of the nitrogen atom is considered to be the main factor that affects the basicity of the amine. Based on this, the factor that is identified as the reason for decreasing the basicity of amine is the electron-withdrawing group.
Q3. Which amine is more basic?
According to the structure of the atom of the compounds, the amide ion is identified with the strongest base as this compound consists of two pairs of non-bonding electrons.
Q4. How the basicity of an amine can be predicted?
The availability of the electron pair is considered to be the core measure in order to determine the basicity of the amine. The more electrons will be identified, the more readily the amines can be devoted to form a new bond of the proton that can be considered as a stronger base.
Süsse, L., & Stoltz, B. M. (2021). Enantioselective formation of quaternary centers by allylic alkylation with first-row transition-metal catalysts. Chemical reviews, 121(7), 4084-4099. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8846597/
Zeleňák, V., Skřínska, M., Zukal, A., & Čejka, J. (2018). Carbon dioxide adsorption over amine modified silica: effect of amine basicity and entropy factor on isosteric heats of adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 348, 327-337. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net
Masterorganicchemistry, (2022). 5 Key Basicity Trends of Amines - Master Organic Chemistry. Reatrieved from: https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com [Retrieved on 27th June 2022]
Researchgate, (2020). Acylation of amines. Reatrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net [Retrieved on 27th June 2022]
Sciencedirect, (2022). Basicity. Reatrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com [Retrieved on 27th June 2022]
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