Memories of one's own life are called autobiographical memories. Because it provides insights into the patient's or healthcare recipient's unique identity, this form of remembrance is highly prized by both parties. One of the effects of traumatic brain injury is impaired autobiographical recall, according to research by Piolino and colleagues. Autonoetic awareness and identity were shown to be impaired in TBI patients. Memory for one's own life is found to include a large−scale neural net, according to investigations of brain damage in the minds of those who have sustained TBI.
Autobiographical memory is a personality characteristic that goes beyond simply recollecting past events to include self-awareness and other-aware analysis and assessment across time and space. Explained, autobiographical memory is the recollection of one's self engaging in activities that include interaction with others in pursuit of the immediate and ultimate objectives that give our lives meaning and direction. In this review, I propose that distinguishing between memory recall and memory helps to explain better how both types of memories evolve in humans, animals, and throughout the lifespan. Episodic memory, as defined, comprises two distinct aspects− first, the recall of the particulars of an event, such as the what, where, and then when; as well as secondly, autonoetic knowledge, the realization that one has already had that experience as a child, through a mental time machine.
Following are the major types of autobiographical memory −
Biological − Biographical details, like the author's birthplace and family identities, are common inclusions in such recollections of the author's life.
Copies − Duplicates are detailed, first−person recollections of an event that include imagery and perceptions at the time of the event. The veracity of such recollections from one's own life might vary. Autobiographical recollections that undergo restoration to include new knowledge or judgments made in retrospect are called restorations.
Specific − Recollections of a specific instance in one's life are contained in autobiographical specificity, but memories of life generally are more general and lack specificity. Generic recollections are another kind of episodic autobiographical memory in which one recollection stands for a sequence of comparable occurrences.
Field − One's life history might be seen from several viewpoints. Recollections made in this area are those created from the original, first−person viewpoint. Observational recollections are recalled from a vantage point other than our own, a third-person viewpoint. Observer recollections are more frequently reconstructed than field memories are, which are more vivid, like duplicates, and older experiences are usually recalled from a spectator's viewpoint.
It includes −
Positive memories are richer in sensory and contextual elements than negative and neutral recollections. People with a healthy sense of self−worth are likelier to remember specifics from happiness than from unpleasant experiences. People who value themselves highly also prioritize encoding happy experiences over painful ones. Furthermore, it was shown that those with good self are more likely to revive good memories, and those with poor self are more likely to reactivate negative recollections concerning the personality features of other people. It seems that happy memories are the ones that are the hardest to forget. Over time, we lose the vividness of our recollections and the intensity of the feelings they evoke. The impact of forgetting is stronger for painful experiences than for happy ones. Therefore, the former is easier to recall. Personal defining experiences from our past are recalled differently while we are feeling happy or sad, for example. Even though the actual time between a mistake and its commemoration is the same, the former always seems more removed from the present.
When comparing memories with the same emotional significance and period of encoding, bad comments tend to fade more quickly. The term "fading affect bias" describes the tendency for happy memories to be forgotten more quickly and with less intensity than negative ones. Bad occurrences trigger the activation of mental defense strategies that lessen the impact of the stress as well as the adverse event. A quicker rate of forgetting unpleasant experiences may seem critical in development, but this is not always the case. We may learn from our past mistakes and avoid making the same ones in the present by keeping in mind the bad outcomes of past occurrences. Unfortunately, if one tends to dwell on one's past hurts more than usual, it might be a sign that one is developing maladaptive behavior patterns. Emotional memory is a significant contributor to the onset of depression signs in illnesses like dysphoria or major depression, in which an individual's current mood may affect the current emotion of the experiences they remember.
When depressed, it might be difficult to recall personal experiences. Depressed teenagers recall details from their past and assess them as more precise and vivid than non−depressed peers. Depressed people have difficulty recalling particular historical incidents and recollect larger, more generalized experiences. Complementary substantial psychological trauma may further impair the ability to remember certain memories. A depressed person's recollection of a particular episodic memory is largely devoid of specifics and reports only a semantic understanding of the event. Depressed individuals recall pleasant experiences less vividly than unpleasant ones, which is particularly true of happy recollections. When recalling a negative experience, both the complexity of the memory and the precise moment of its occurrence will stand out more clearly than when recalling a similar experience. The idea of mood concordance suggests this is the case, as people with depression tend to recall emotionally painful experiences when feeling down. Adverse recollections are often deliberately rehearsed by depressed individuals, which might lengthen their recall time and make them more vivid. It is also possible that depressed people tend to avoid thinking about their happier times and instead dwell on the information that supports their poor selves. In addition, depressed folks tend to remember happy events as though seeing them from a distance rather than experiencing them in the present.
Autobiographical memory is a human−specific system that relies on a wide range of abilities honed during adolescence in the context of particular social−cultural interactions. Throughout our analysis, a few common threads have become apparent. The first step is to separate autobiographical memory from episodic memory.
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