The 1979 Bronfenbrenner theory focuses on human development and tracks a person's evolution into a fully capable member of society. As a result, it is a theory of developmental psychology. It has also been referred to as the socialization theory, and his theory has been translated into Finnish. The word "systems" in English does not mean "systematic"; rather, it refers to the structure of a system.
Psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner was from the United States. He was born on April 29, 1917, in Moscow, Russia, the son of Dr. Alexander Bronfenbrenner and Eugenia Kamenetskaja. He immigrated to America when he was six years old. He died on September 25, 2005. One of the most renowned experts in the field of developmental psychology is Bronfenbrenner. His most significant contribution was the ecological systems theory, in which he identified the four interacting systems: the Micro, Meso, Exo, and Macrosystems. Later, he created the chronosystem, a fifth system that deals with time.
It has four environmental layers: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. Each level has a different effect on how each individual develops.
Microsystem − The immediate environment that a child or adolescent interacts closely with, such as the classroom, playground, leisure center, home, friend's house, neighborhood, and religious institution, is referred to as the microsystem. According to the formal definition provided by Bronfenbrenner (1979), "a microsystem is a pattern of activities, roles, and interpersonal relations experienced by the developing person in a given location with specific physical and material qualities.".
Mesosystem − According to Bronfenbrenner (1979), the mesosystem is "the interrelationships among two or more settings in which the developing person actively participates" (for example, for a child, the relationships between home, school, and the neighborhood peer group; for an adult, the relationships between family, work, and social life). To put it another way, the term "mesosystem" refers to relationships among microsystems or links among contexts, such as the connections between experiences in the home and those at school, in the community, and with peers.
Exosystem − The exosystem is defined as "one or more settings in which events occur that have an impact on or are affected by what occurs in the set containing the developing person but do not include the developing person as an active participant. In other words, the exosystem describes connections between a person's immediate context and a social situation in which they play a passive role. For instance, a person's experiences at home could be impacted by those of his or her spouse or partner at work.
Macrosystem − The macrosystem, according to Bronfenbrenner (1979), refers to consistency in the shape and content of lower-order systems (Micro, Meso, and Exo), as well as any underlying ideologies or belief systems that exist or may exist at the level of the subculture or the culture as a whole. The larger cultural framework (e.g., society, community) around the individual, which includes social belief systems, cultural norms, ideologies, policies, or laws that indirectly influence the individual, is alternatively referred to as the macrosystem, which is the highest level. A cultural group's members have similar identities, heritage, and values. Macrosystems develop over time, which means they change over time.
Modern ideas on child development acknowledge that a child's environment and biology contribute to change and growth. Theories now concentrate on how each participant contributes to continuous development and how much they interact with one another. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory focuses on the nature and context of the child's surroundings. According to him, these settings' interactions change as a child grows and develops. This complexity may appear as a child's physical and cognitive systems develop.
So, given that nature follows a certain course, how does the child's environment support or obstruct its development? Bronfenbrenner's theory provides an answer to this query. Urie Bronfenbrenner claims that although we go to great lengths to protect the physical environment from the harm caused by technology, we have yet to expend any efforts to offer comparable safeguards against the damage done to our societal environment. Our economy has transitioned from an industrial to a technology model, yet working habits have persisted in obeying the factory work ethic. Even though they may work in a high-tech workplace, parents must maintain a schedule around the factory whistle. The same technology that frees workers from manual labor should also free them from time and place restrictions.
This hypothesis has serious implications for the practice of teaching. Institutions like schools and instructors must foster enduring relationships. However, according to Bronfenbrenner, the most important relationship should be with a person who can offer a sense of compassion that is designed to endure a lifetime. A person or persons who are directly in the child's immediate zone of influence must cultivate this bond. Schools and instructors perform a crucial secondary function but cannot offer the level of complex engagement that primary adults can. The educational community's attempt to play a major role would only support our society's continued denial of the true problem.
The tension between job and family life, not between families and schools, causes issues for students and families. Schools and teachers should collaborate to strengthen the primary relationship and foster a family-friendly environment. We may accomplish this while working to implement Bronfenbrenner's objective of making laws that lessen the tension between work and family. Our society's greatest course of action is to advocate for political and economic measures affirming the significance of parents' contributions to their children's growth. In addition, Bronfenbrenner would concur that we should promote cultural attitudes that respect labor done on behalf of children by all individuals, including parents, teachers, extended family, mentors, bosses, and lawmakers.
Physics
Biology
Chemistry
Mathematics
Economics
Psychology
Environmental Science
Social Studies
Fashion Studies
English