Top-Down Approach Vs. Bottom-Up Approach

Cognitive PsychologyPsychology

Both top-down and bottom-up methodologies can be employed to evaluate and select stocks. Unfortunately, these concepts pop up all over your management, economics, investment, and accounting textbooks. Despite familiarity with the terminology, many individuals fail to differentiate between the two strategies. There is often a degree of ease to each of these methods. The top-down method starts with a broad overview and narrows on the details, whereas the underside method works backward, from the concrete to the abstract. Objectives, spending plans, and projections are just a few examples of the many tasks that might be approached this way. Complexities to both need to be understood in the finance industry, where analysts or even entire firms may be charged with concentrating on either one or the other.

Top-Down Approach

It is divided into the top-down approach when pattern recognition is developed through contextual information. As an impact of this approach, an individual's perception begins with the most general and gradually moves towards the most specific. The perceptions of the individuals are largely influenced by the expectations that they have and their prior knowledge. Richard Gregory developed the concept of the top-down approach, and according to him, the perception process is a constructive one that relies on top-down processing. Gregory suggests that using prior knowledge and experience of a stimulus helps an individual to draw inferences. Richard Gregory estimated that about 90% of the information is lost between the time it takes to go from the eye to the brain, which is why the brain must guess what the individual sees based on previous experience. In other words, individuals construct their perception of reality, and these perceptions are hypotheses or propositions based on prior experiences and prior knowledge. Many people use the top-down approach as it helps the individual to quickly make sense of the environment in a world with limitless sensory experiences and information surrounding us. It makes us capable of making sense of all the information our senses give. Perceptions begin with the broadest and progress to more nuanced top-down processing. Our expectations and prejudices have a significant influence on how we view things. As previously said, your brain fills in the gaps and predicts what will happen next by using what it already knows.

Bottom-Up Approach

Bottom-up processing is the process of "sensing," in which our sensory receptors take in sensory data from the outside environment. Our brains select, arrange and interpret these sensations through perception. In the bottom-up processing approach, the perception begins at the sensory input, the stimulus. Therefore, while describing perception, the word data-driven can be used. The bottom-up approach was developed by psychologist E.J. Gibson, who set a solid foundation for the perception of human beings. Gibson's theory is known as the ecological theory of perception as it suggests that processing can be understood only in interaction with environmental stimuli. According to Gibson, sensation is perception, and there is no need for extra interpretation, as there is enough information in our environment to directly make sense of the world. The bottom-up approach deconstructs perception rather than looking at it comprehensively, involving how sensory information, visual processes, and expectations contribute to how everyone sees the world.

The following table illustrates the major differences between top-down and bottom-up approach:The following table illustrates the major differences between top-down and bottom-up approach:

Top-Down (Indirect) Approach	Bottom-Up (Direct) Approach
The top-down approach interprets incoming information according to the individual's prior knowledge, experience, and expectations.	The bottom-up approach is gathering data from the environment to build perceptions by using the sensory information that individuals have received.
Top-down approach is schema driven and depends on experience and knowledge.	Bottom-up approach is data-driven and relies totally upon sensory information.
Experience, prior knowledge, and expectations are all important factors in creating the perception of new stimuli.Thus, all these are the driving forces behind the top-down approach.	The Bottom-up approach does not need prior knowledge, experience, or expectation. Perception is determined by stimuli received from the surroundings of the individual. In the bottom-up approach, the driving force behind perception is the stimulus individuals are presently experiencing in their external environment.
Perception is an active and constructive process.	Objects themselves determine perception, and no internal representation is involved.
Perception is inferred rather than innate, which is why it is prone to error.	Perception is innate rather than inferred, which is why it is consistent.
It involves higher-level cognition.	It involves lower-level cognition.
It is a deductive approach to perception.	It is an inductive approach to perception.
They emphasize the perceiver of perception.	They emphasize the stimuli of perception.
Top-down approach is when individuals start with a higher-level concept and use it to explain the smaller shreds of information.	Bottom-up approach is often praised for its efficiency.
Top-down approach is slower in nature.	Bottom-up approach allows individuals to take in much information quickly. However, it sometimes leads to misunderstanding, and individuals may misinterpret some of the information they are taking in.
The top-down approach interprets incoming information according to the individual's prior knowledge, experience, and expectations.	The bottom-up approach is the process of gathering data from the environment to build perceptions by using the sensory information that individuals have received.
Perception is an active and constructive process.	Objects themselves determine perception and no internal representation is involved in it.

Conclusion

Here in this research report, a detailed and descriptive elaboration has been done on the top-down and the bottom-up approaches. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that both the top-down and bottom-up approaches are essential apparatus that every individual use to understand the world around them. There are several advantages and disadvantages of top-down approaches. Advantages: Reduced risk rate in decision making, and management is stronger. Disadvantages: Creativity is limited and slow in adjustability. There are several advantages and disadvantages of bottom-up approaches as well. Advantages: Creativity is higher, and communication is better. Disadvantages: Potential conflicts and mistakes are done more. That being the case, it is important to be careful of both of these processes and when it is more proper to use them. Therefore, bottom-up processing is data-driven, and your awareness of the item is guided by your perception of what you see. Top-down processing, in contrast, essentially exploits your past information. Thus it influences perception by drawing on it.